Table of Contents
I.HISTORYOFTHEUSEANDDEVELOPMENTOFFUELGAS
CHAPTERREVIEW
II.PROPERTIESANDGENERALCHARACTERISTICSOFGASES
ChemicalCompositionofFuelGases
NaturalGases
LiquefiedPetroleumGases(LPG)
ManufacturedandMixedGases
OdorantsAddedtoGas
SpecificGravity
HeatingValue
CHAPTERREVIEW
III.COMBUSTIONOFGAS
TheMeaningofCombustion
RequirementsforCombustion
BasicChemistryofCombustion
ControlledCombustion
ExplosiveCombustion
LimitsofFlammability
BurningSpeed
CompleteCombustion
IncompleteCombustion-CausesandEffects
CarbonMonoxide
TestingforCarbonMonoxide
Aldehydes
OxidesofNitrogen,Hydrocarbons
CHAPTERREVIEW
IV.DESIGNANDOPERATIONOFGASBURNERS
YellowFlameBurners
BlueFlame(Bunsen)Burner
RadiantBurner
PrimaryAir,SecondaryAir,ExcessAir
FlameAppearanceandStability
LiftingBurnerFlames
Flashback
YellowTippingofFlames
EffectsofCombustionAirFlowRatesonAppliance
Efficiency
ControlofCombustionAirFlow
CalculationofExcessAirPercentage
ImpingementofBurnerFlamesonCoolSurfaces
TypicalBurnerComponents
GasOrifice
AirShutter
VenturiThroat
MixingTube
BurnerHead
BurnerPorts
OperationofBurners
AtmosphericBurners
PowerBurners
ForcedandInducedDraftBurners
PremixingandPressurePowerBurners
ApplianceBurnerDesigns
DrilledPortBurners
SlottedPortBurners
RibbonPortBurners
SinglePortBurners
InfraredRadiantBurners
JetBurners
ImpingementTargetBurners
GasHearthApplianceBurners
MainBurners
TubeorBoxBurners
CeramicTileBurners
PilotBurners
PrimaryAeratedPilotBurners
Non-PrimaryAeratedPilotBurners
OxygenDepletionSensing(ODS)Pilots
CHAPTERREVIEW
V.BURNERORIFICES
TypesofOrifices
FixedOrifices
AdjustableOrifices
UniversalOrifices
OrificeDischargeCoefficient(OrificeConstant)
MeasuringGasInputRates
MeasuringGasFlow
MeasuringGasPressure
SizingOrificesforDesiredGasFlowRates
SizingInputsbyFlameSpreadMethod
CompensationforAltitudeonSettingInputs
CHAPTERREVIEW
VI.VENTING
UnusuallyTightConstruction
CHAPTERREVIEW
VII.BURNERPROBLEMS
LiftingFlames(BlowingFlames)
HowtoRecognizeLiftingFlames
ResultsofLiftingFlames
CorrectionsforLiftingFlame
Flashback
HowtoRecognizeFlashback
ResultsofFlashback
CorrectionsforFlashback
ExtinctionPop(FlashbackonExtinction)
HowtoRecognizeExtinctionPop
ResultsofExtinctionPop
CorrectionsforExtinctionPop
YellowTipping(YellowFlames)
HowtoRecognizeYellowTipping
ResultsofYellowTipping
CorrectionsforYellowTipping
FluctuatingFlames
HowtoRecognizeFluctuatingFlames
ResultsofFluctuatingFlames
CorrectionsforFluctuatingFlames
UnstableorWaveringFlames
HowtoRecognizeWaveringFlames
ResultsofWaveringFlames
CorrectionsforWaveringFlames
FloatingFlames
HowtoRecognizeFloatingFlames
ResultsofFloatingFlames
CorrectionsforFloatingFlames
FlameRollout
HowtoRecognizeFlameRollout
ResultsofFlameRollout
CorrectionsforFlameRollout
GasOdoratPrimaryAirOpenings
CorrosionofAppliances
CHAPTERREVIEW
TABLES
Table1-CarboxyhemoglobinLevelsandRelated
HealthEffects
Table2-SampleAirQualityStandardsand
Guidelines(Carbondioxide,CO,and
Nitrogendioxide)
Table3-GasInputtoBurnerinCubicFeetPerHour
Table4-UtilityGases(CubicFeetPerHouratSea
Level)
Table5-LP-Gases(BtuPerHouratSeaLevel)
Table6-FactorsforUtilityGasesofAnother
SpecificGravity
Table7-EquivalentOrificeSizesatHighAltitudes
(Includes4PercentInputReductionfor
Each1,000Feet)
Table8-TableofConversionFactors
REFERENCESOURCES
GLOSSARY
ANSWERSTOCHAPTERREVIEW Abstract
Fundamentals manual has been combined with the workbook. Includes history; properties and general characteristics of gases; combustion of gas; flammability limits; testing for CO; design and operation of burners ; burner orifices; venting and burner problems. A useful reference for vocational-technical schools, appliance service and repairmen and utility employees.
